Wǒ bù míngbái tā zài shuō shénme.
I don't understand what he is saying.
This sentence uses the negative adverb 不 (bù) before the verb to indicate negation. The verb 明白 (míngbái) is used to mean 'understand', and the object is expressed using the interrogative pronoun 什么 (shénme) which means 'what'.
我 (wǒ): I/me不 (bù): not明白 (míngbái): understand他 (tā): he/him在 (zài): in/on/at说 (shuō): speak/say什么 (shénme): what
zhè běn shū shì wǒ péng yǒu sòng gěi wǒ de.
This book was given to me by my friend.
The sentence uses 把 structure. In this case, the sentence is restructured into a passive voice to emphasize the recipient of the book. The sentence could be rephrased as 朋友把这本书送给了我。(My friend gave this book [to me]).
这 (zhè): this本 (běn): classifier for books书 (shū): book我 (wǒ): I/me朋友 (péng yǒu): friend送 (sòng): to give (as a gift)
Wǒ de jiā lí xuéxiào hěn jìn.
My home is very close to the school.
This sentence uses the verb 离 to indicate distance between two places. The adjective 很 is used to indicate degree.
家 (jiā): home离 (lí): away from学校 (xuéxiào): school很 (hěn): very近 (jìn): close
Wǒmen yīqǐ qù páshān, hǎo ma?
Shall we go mountain climbing together?
This sentence uses the modal particle '吗' to ask for agreement to go mountain climbing together.
我们 (wǒmen): we一起 (yīqǐ): together去 (qù): to go爬山 (páshān): mountain climbing好吗 (hǎo ma): shall we
Tāmen xǐhuān chī mǐfàn.
They like to eat rice.
This sentence uses the structure of subject + verb + object. The pronoun '他们' is the subject, '喜欢' means 'like', and '吃米饭' means 'eat rice'.
他们 (tāmen): they喜欢 (xǐhuān): like吃 (chī): eat米饭 (mǐfàn): rice