Nǐ hǎo ma?
How are you?
This sentence is a simple question asking about someone's well-being. The question particle '吗' is added at the end of the sentence to indicate that it is a question.
你 (nǐ): you好 (hǎo): good吗 (ma): question particle
Zhè shì wǒde shū.
This is my book.
In this sentence, we see the verb 是 (shì) being used to indicate identity or sameness. The structure is: Noun + 是 + Possessive / Description. Note that in Chinese, the possessive 'my' (我的) is placed before the noun, and descriptions (such as 'big' or 'happy') always come after the noun.
这 (zhè): this是 (shì): is我的 (wǒde): my书 (shū): book
zhège wèntí bǐ wǒmen xiǎngxiàng zhōng de yào kùnnan dé duō.
This problem is much more difficult than we imagined.
In this sentence, the comparative particle 比 is used to compare the degree of difficulty between two things. It is followed by the subject and the verb. The phrase 要...得多 is used to indicate that something is much more than expected/imagined.
这个 (zhège): this问题 (wèntí): problem比 (bǐ): compared to我们 (wǒmen): we想象中 (xiǎngxiàng zhōng): imagined的 (de): possessive particle要 (yào): to need/to want困难 (kùnnan): difficult得多 (dé duō): much more
Wǒ de zhōngwén shuō dé hái bù tài hǎo.
My Chinese is not very good yet.
This sentence uses the word 还 (hái) to indicate that the situation is not yet completely accomplished. The sentence pattern is 'Subject + Object + Verb + 得 + Adverb'.
我的 (wǒ de): my, mine中文 (zhōngwén): Chinese (language)说 (shuō): speak还 (hái): yet不太好 (bù tài hǎo): not very good
Wǒ xǐ huān kàn shū hé tīng yīn yuè.
I like to read and listen to music.
In this sentence, we use the conjunction '和' (hé) to join two actions together. The structure of this sentence is 'subject + verb 1 + 和 + verb 2'.
我 (wǒ): I喜欢 (xǐ huān): like看书 (kàn shū): read和 (hé): and听 (tīng): listen音乐 (yīn yuè): music