Wǒ huì shuō yīdiǎn Hànyǔ.
I can speak a little bit of Chinese.
The word order is Subject + 能/会/想 + Verb + [Object]. Here, the subject is 我 (I), 使用 the verb 能 + shuō to indicate ability, and 汉语 (Chinese) as the object of the sentence.
汉语 (Hànyǔ): Chinese language说 (shuō): to speak一点 (yīdiǎn): a little bit
tā gāngcái zài dǎ diànhuà.
He was just on the phone.
In this sentence, we see the verb 在 (zài) being used to mean 'to be on'. We also see the time phrase 刚才 (gāngcái) being used to indicate that the action happened just now. This sentence is an example of using time phrases and prepositions to describe ongoing actions in the past.
他 (tā): he刚才 (gāngcái): just now在 (zài): on打电话 (dǎ diànhuà): to be on the phone
Tā mèimei xǐhuān kàn diànyǐng.
Her younger sister likes to watch movies.
This sentence uses the structure '她...喜欢' followed by the verb '看'.
她 (tā): she妹妹 (mèimei): younger sister喜欢 (xǐhuān): like看 (kàn): watch电影 (diànyǐng): movie
tā xǐ huān hē chá, bù xǐ huān hē kā fēi.
He likes to drink tea, and doesn't like to drink coffee.
This sentence is a contrasting structure, comparing the subject's likes and dislikes. The sentence starts with the subject 他 (tā), followed by the verb 喜欢 (xǐ huān) meaning 'to like'. This is followed by the action verb 喝 (hē) meaning 'to drink', and the object 茶 (chá), meaning 'tea'. The sentence is then contrasted with the negative particle 不 (bù) indicating negation, and the object being disliked is indicated by the action verb 喝 (hē) followed by 咖啡 (kā fēi), meaning 'coffee'.
他 (tā): he喜欢 (xǐ huān): to like喝 (hē): to drink茶 (chá): tea不 (bù): not咖啡 (kā fēi): coffee
Wǒ mǎi le yīgè xīn shǒujī.
I bought a new phone.
In Chinese, the verb 'to have' is not used in a sentence like 'I have a new phone'. Instead, 'I bought a new phone' is translated as '我买了一个新手机'. The past tense marker '了' is added after the verb.
我 (wǒ): I买 (mǎi): buy了 (le): past tense marker一个 (yīgè): one新 (xīn): new手机 (shǒujī): phone